![]() ![]() As recently reviewed, oxidative stress may be a key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases. However, they play, above all, an important role in homeostasis, cell signalization, regulation of metabolism, or memory formation via DNA methylation. ROS can be deleterious for biomolecules and lead to oxidative damages involved in several pathologies (neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer and other disorders). Production of ROS In Vivo, Regulation and Oxidative Stress However, its toxicity can be exerted via Fenton reaction in the presence of redox metal ions such as iron or copper ( Figure 1), or via Haber–Weiss reaction in the presence of O 2 ![]() Among them, H 2O 2 (and hydroperoxides) is a molecular species and is supposed to be less reactive than the other radical short-lived species that are able to react with a range of targets (an exception may apply for O 2 These “secondary” species are all ROS and share a similarity in structure and reactivity with the three primary species O 2 in a reaction catalyzed by redox competent metal cations such as iron or copper (as occurring with heme proteins ).The latter may react with another substrate to give a new carbon-centered radical and a hydroperoxide ROOH, which may decompose into alkoxyl radical RO free radicals on a C-H bond leads to a carbon-centered radical, that further reacts rapidly with O 2 to give a peroxyl radical RO 2.They can react with organic substrates and lead to intermediate species able to further produce other ROS. are commonly referred to as “free radicals”.), are called reactive oxygen species because they are oxygen-containing compounds with reactive properties.‒), hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) and the hydroxyl radical (HO.The three primary species, i.e., the superoxide anion (O 2 This review highlights the production and regulation of ROS, their chemical properties, both from kinetic and thermodynamic points of view, the links between them, and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the overproduction of ROS in neurons appears as particularly deleterious and the mechanisms involved in oxidative degradation of biomolecules are numerous and complexes. By nature too, neurons are particularly sensitive to oxidation because of their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, weak antioxidant defense and high oxygen consumption. Even if they participate in cell signaling and metabolism regulation, ROS are also formidable weapons against most of the biological materials because of their intrinsic nature. Oxidative stress, in particular, the overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), play an important role in the development of these diseases, as evidenced by the detection of products of lipid, protein and DNA oxidation in vivo. Increasing numbers of individuals suffer from neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive loss of neurons. ![]()
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